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Analytical Chemistry

Analytical chemistry is the subject for the method and basic principle of studying and identifying of the composition, status, structure of matter as well as determination of related content. It is an important branch of chemistry subject. Analytical chemistry plays an important role in not only its own development but also in various fields related to the chemistry. We can say that all the practice of any human activity involving chemical phenomena is inseparable from analytical chemistry. Now, people have developed various kinds of different analytical methods, which can be classified based on an analysis task, analysis object, the basis of the analysis, requirement of the analysis and sample dosage.

According to the analysis tasks, it can be divided into qualitative analysis, quantitative analysis and structural analysis. Task of qualitative analysis is to identify the elements, radicals, functional groups or compounds that constituting the substances; the task of the quantitative analysis is to determine the content of the related components in the sample; the task of structural analysis is to study the molecular structure or crystal structure of the material.

(1) According to the analysis objects, it can be divided into organic and inorganic analysis; the object for the inorganic analysis is inorganic substance; the object of organic analysis is organic substance. In the inorganic analysis, it is generally required to determine what elements, ions, radicals or compounds that constitutes the sample and measure the percentage of each component; and sometimes it is also necessary for determination of the crystal structure; in the organic analysis, it not only requires the identification of the constituent elements, but also, more importantly, should do the structure analysis and functional group analysis.
(2) According to whether the analysis is based on the physical properties or chemical properties of the substance, it can be divided into instrumental analysis and chemical analysis. Depending on the specific requirements, it can be divided into routine analysis, rapid analysis and arbitration Analysis. Routine analysis refers to the general daily laboratory production analysis, also known as conventional analysis; rapid analysis is a kind of routine analysis and is mainly applied to the control of the production process, demanding the report of the results in the shortest possible time with the error generally being allowed to be greater; arbitration analysis is needed when there is controversy in the analysis results from different institute, demanding related department to conduct accurate analysis using specific method in order to determine the accuracy of the results of the original analysis.
(3) According to the amount of the sample, it can be generally divided into constant (> 0.1g), semi-micro (0.01 ~ 0.1g) and trace (1 ~ 10mg) analysis.
(4) In the inorganic qualitative chemical analysis, people generally apply semi-micro method while people generally apply constant analysis in the quantitative chemical analysis. According to the relative amounts of the analyzed components contained in the sample, it is also roughly divided into constant component analysis (> 1%), minor component analysis (0.01 to 1%) and trace components analysis (<0.01%). For the analysis of some trace amount of components contained in some kinds of complicated mixture and some substances, it is necessary to perform separation and enrichment. This produces a series of separation techniques, such as extraction, distillation, ion exchange, chromatography, sedimentation and flotation separation, these chemical separation techniques are an integral part of the analysis.

Environmental Analytical Chemistry
Environmental Analytical Chemistry is briefly referred to environmental analysis. It is a kind of subject to study the types, components of pollutants in the environment as well as how to perform qualitative and quantitative analysis on the chemical contaminants in the environment. It is a branch of environmental chemistry.

Environmental analytical chemistry emerged, developed and improved during the process of solving environmental problems. In 1950s, the public nuisance disease occurred in Japan had alerted the whole world. In order to find the cause of public nuisance disease, after experiencing as long as 11 years, later, the chemists of environmental analysis had applied light spectrum and identified that the river in Itai-itai disease area contained harmful elements such as lead, cadmium, arsenic and so on. Further by means of tracking element analysis of the soil and food in the disease area, people had found high lead and cadmium content. Later, people had further conducted spectral quantitative analysis on the body and bone of the patients in the disease area and found that the bone ashes contained alarmingly high content of zinc, lead and cadmium. To determine the causative agent, people further incorporated zinc, lead and cadmium into the food for feeding animals and conduct trace elemental analysis for animals and confirmed the serious harm of cadmium on the bone, revealing the cause of the Itai-itai disease. The development of modern science, especially the development of modern chemistry, physics, mathematics, electronics, biology, as well as the emergence of accurate, reliable, sensitive, selective, rapid, simple environmental pollution analysis technology and automation equipment, has been resulting in the maturation of environmental analytical chemistry. Environmental analytical chemistry now has penetrated into all areas of the entire environmental science subject. It is the most effective means of access to environmental information quality.
The objects of the environmental analytical chemistry research are quite complicated, including air, water, soil, sediment, minerals, waste, animals, plants, food, and human tissue. The content of chemical elements or compound to be determined in the environmental analytic chemistry is very low, with the absolute content being within the level of 10-6 to 10-12 grams.


The analysis technology in the environmental analytical chemistry is developing towards the direction of continuous automation, computerization and joint combination of various methods and instruments. Currently applied automatic analysis methods include colorimetric analysis, ion selective electrode, x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectroscopy, polarography, gas chromatography, liquid chromatography and flow injection analysis. Laser, as the light source of analytical chemistry technique, has also been applied. Since the laser analysis has properties of high resolution, high sensitivity, long-range and short-term, the laser technology will play a pivotal role in the development of environmental analytical chemistry.

With the deepened development of environmental science, environmental analytical chemistry is often demanded for trace levels and ultra-trace-level detection and analysis, therefore, high sensitivity. Thus study of analysis methods of high sensitivity, good selectivity, rapid trace and ultra trace will become the major development direction for environmental analysis in the near future.

Qualitative Analysis of Chemistry
Qualitative analytic chemistry is the subject to identify the chemical elements and atoms groups contained in the sample. It is a branch subject of the analysis chemistry. Its purpose is to ascertain the chemical composition of the research object (specimen).
The major research content of the qualitative analytic chemistry includes:

1 the tested samples were analyzed separately. Namely take part of the sample and use exclusive reaction to detect a desire detection component.
2 systematic analysis of the samples. This means successively apply a few selective reactions for gradual separation of the ions followed by separation of each group until separating to only one substance and finally apply confirming reaction to ascertain the existence of this substance. The most famous cation system analysis method is H2S system. In recent years, due to the use of advanced equipment, qualitative analysis has also rapidly developed together with multivariate analysis and has also become an important direction for analytical chemistry.

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Structure Chemical Name CAS MF
Topiroxostat Impurity 29 Topiroxostat Impurity 29
Vildagliptin Impurity ZA6 Vildagliptin Impurity ZA6 2246354-69-6 C17H23N3O2
Nintedanib Impurity O Nintedanib Impurity O
Palonosetron Impurity TM1-SS Palonosetron Impurity TM1-SS 1260610-96-5 C15H23ClN2
Amoxicillin EP impurity P Amoxicillin EP impurity P C16H19N3O5S
Amoxicillin EP impurity P Amoxicillin EP impurity P C16H19N3O5S
Eltrombopag Impurity 3 Eltrombopag Impurity 3
Saxagliptin Impurity 5 (Epoxy saxaglliptin) Saxagliptin Impurity 5 (Epoxy saxaglliptin)
(1r,4r)-4-((2-amino-5-bromobenzyl)amino)cyclohexanol hydrochloride (1r,4r)-4-((2-amino-5-bromobenzyl)amino)cyclohexanol hydrochloride 101900-44-1 C13H20BrClN2O
1-(((2R,4R)-4-((Benzyloxy)methyl)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole 1-(((2R,4R)-4-((Benzyloxy)methyl)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole 165115-83-3 C21H21F2N3O2
6-amino-2-(1-(2-fluorobenzyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-3-yl)-
7,9-dihydro-8H-purin-8-one 6-amino-2-(1-(2-fluorobenzyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-3-yl)- 7,9-dihydro-8H-purin-8-one 1361569-10-9 C18H13FN8O
Apremilast impurity 32 Apremilast impurity 32
Baricitinib Impurity 5 Baricitinib Impurity 5
Bendamustine Impurity 28 Bendamustine Impurity 28
Bortezomib Impurity 20 Bortezomib Impurity 20
Canagliflozin Impurity 27 Canagliflozin Impurity 27 2265214-89-7 C18H14BrFS
Edoxaban Impurity 23 (1S,2S,4R) Edoxaban Impurity 23 (1S,2S,4R)
Edoxaban Impurity 38 Edoxaban Impurity 38 2081883-53-4 C14H27N3O3
L-GLUCONO-1,5-LACTONE L-GLUCONO-1,5-LACTONE 52153-09-0 C6H10O6
C-Desmethyl Atenolol C-Desmethyl Atenolol 1797116-92-7 C13H20N2O3
Arthromerin B Arthromerin B 31049-08-8 C21H22O11
Losartan Impurity 7 Losartan Impurity 7 358685-13-9 C33H24Br2N4
Fenofibric Acid 1-Carboxyl-1-methylethyl Ester Fenofibric Acid 1-Carboxyl-1-methylethyl Ester 1797121-54-0 C21H21ClO6
2-Chloro-4'-fluorobenzophenone 2-Chloro-4'-fluorobenzophenone 1806-23-1 C13H8ClFO
Ambrisentan Impurity E Ambrisentan Impurity E 1312092-82-2 C21H18N2O3
1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-8-methoxy-7-[(4aR,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl]-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic Acid 1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-8-methoxy-7-[(4aR,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl]-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic Acid 855661-71-1 C21H24FN3O4
4-[(4-aminohex-5-enoyl)amino]hex-5-enoic acid (mixture of the 4 stereoisomers) 4-[(4-aminohex-5-enoyl)amino]hex-5-enoic acid (mixture of the 4 stereoisomers) 748817-01-8
Iopamidol Impurity K Iopamidol Impurity K 1788899-70-6 C17H23I2N3O8
N-(2-(diethylamino)ethyl)-2-hydroxyquinoline-4-carboxamide N-(2-(diethylamino)ethyl)-2-hydroxyquinoline-4-carboxamide 87864-08-2 C16H21N3O2
5-(2-Fluorophenyl)-1-(3-pyridinylsulfonyl)-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid 5-(2-Fluorophenyl)-1-(3-pyridinylsulfonyl)-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid 1883595-37-6 C16H11FN2O4S
Ritonavir EP Impurity B Ritonavir EP Impurity B 765875-58-9 C28H36N4O4S
2-[4-(2,3-DIHYDROXYPROPOXY)PHENYL]ACETAMIDE 2-[4-(2,3-DIHYDROXYPROPOXY)PHENYL]ACETAMIDE 61698-76-8 C11H15NO4
3-OXO-3-(2,4,5-TRIFLUORO-3-METHOXY-PHENYL)-PROPIONIC ACID ETHYL ESTER 3-OXO-3-(2,4,5-TRIFLUORO-3-METHOXY-PHENYL)-PROPIONIC ACID ETHYL ESTER 112811-68-4 C12H11F3O4
2-(1-(2-fluorobenzyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-3-yl)-N5,N5- dimethylpyrimidine-4,5,6-triamine 2-(1-(2-fluorobenzyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-3-yl)-N5,N5- dimethylpyrimidine-4,5,6-triamine 1169770-52-8 C19H19FN8
Ezetimibe Impurity 33 Ezetimibe Impurity 33 1829558-53-3 C13H10FNO
Imatinib Impurity 14 Imatinib Impurity 14
Levofloxacin Impurity 20 Levofloxacin Impurity 20 C18H20FN3O4
Pantoprazole Impurity 12 Pantoprazole Impurity 12
Solifenacin Related Compound 7 Solifenacin Related Compound 7
Vonoprazan Impurity 12 Vonoprazan Impurity 12 3058423-29-0 C23H21F2N3
Apixaban Impurity 22 Apixaban Impurity 22 2847836-17-1
Avibactam Impurity A Avibactam Impurity A
Avibactam Impurity F Avibactam Impurity F
Brexpiprazole Impurity K Brexpiprazole Impurity K
Cefaclor Impurity 3 Cefaclor Impurity 3
Milrinone Impurity 7 Milrinone Impurity 7 2250242-59-0 C14H13N3O
Silodosin Impurity 1 Silodosin Impurity 1
Sulpiride Impurity 1 Sulpiride Impurity 1
Tenofovir Impurity 54 Tenofovir Impurity 54
Trelagliptin Impurity Y Trelagliptin Impurity Y 1938080-42-2 C13H10FN3O3
Trelagliptin Impurity Y Trelagliptin Impurity Y 1938080-42-2 C13H10FN3O3
Cefathiamidine Impurity 10 Cefathiamidine Impurity 10
Nebivolol Impurity 3 Nebivolol Impurity 3 1029684-20-5 C18H20FNO2
Pemetrexed Pemetrexed 155405-79-1 C12H13BrO3
(2S,4S)-5-(Biphenyl-4-yl)-4-[(3-carboxypropionyl)amino]-2-methylpentanoic acid ethyl ester,calcium salt(2:1) (2S,4S)-5-(Biphenyl-4-yl)-4-[(3-carboxypropionyl)amino]-2-methylpentanoic acid ethyl ester,calcium salt(2:1)
1-(2-amino-4,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethan-1-one 1-(2-amino-4,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethan-1-one 1071574-51-0 C10H13NO3
(+)-epipinoresinol-4-O-β-D-glucoside (+)-epipinoresinol-4-O-β-D-glucoside 74983-66-7 C26H32O11
2-[3-Methyl-4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)-2-pyridinyl]methylthio-1H-benzimidazole 2-[3-Methyl-4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)-2-pyridinyl]methylthio-1H-benzimidazole 103577-40-8 C16H14F3N3OS
Ethyl (3E)-3-(2-phenylhydrazin-1-ylidene)butanoate Ethyl (3E)-3-(2-phenylhydrazin-1-ylidene)butanoate 6078-46-2 C12H16N2O2
1-(5,6-dihydronaphthalen-1-yl)ethan-1-amine hydrochloride 1-(5,6-dihydronaphthalen-1-yl)ethan-1-amine hydrochloride 1824506-44-6 C12H15N
(S)-4-(4-((3-amino-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)phenyl)morpholin-3-one hydrochloride (S)-4-(4-((3-amino-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)phenyl)morpholin-3-one hydrochloride 1403383-55-0 C13H20ClN3O3
Terbutaline  Impurity Terbutaline Impurity 882066-15-1 C33H35NO3.H2O4S
Bis(4-fluorobenzyl)aMine Bis(4-fluorobenzyl)aMine 646051-52-7 C14H13F2N
2-(2-butyl-4-methyl-1-((2'-(1-methyl-
1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-
yl)methyl)-6-oxo-1,6-
dihydropyrimidin-5-yl)-N,Ndimethylethanethioamide
2-(2-butyl-4-methyl-1-((2'-(2-methyl-
2H-tetrazol-5-yl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-
yl)methyl)-6-oxo-1,6-
dihydropyri 2-(2-butyl-4-methyl-1-((2'-(1-methyl- 1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4- yl)methyl)-6-oxo-1,6- dihydropyrimidin-5-yl)-N,Ndimethylethanethioamide 2-(2-butyl-4-methyl-1-((2'-(2-methyl- 2H-tetrazol-5-yl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4- yl)methyl)-6-oxo-1,6- dihydropyri
ethyl 1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-7-((4aS,7aS)-hexahydro-1H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6(2H)-yl)-8-hydroxy-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylate ethyl 1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-7-((4aS,7aS)-hexahydro-1H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6(2H)-yl)-8-hydroxy-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylate C22H26FN3O4
(41S,12S,13aS)-13a-ethyl-12-hydroxy-2,3,41,5,6,12,13,13a-octahydro-1H-indolo[3,2,1-de]pyrido[3,2,1-ij][1,5]naphthyridine-12-carboxylic acid (41S,12S,13aS)-13a-ethyl-12-hydroxy-2,3,41,5,6,12,13,13a-octahydro-1H-indolo[3,2,1-de]pyrido[3,2,1-ij][1,5]naphthyridine-12-carboxylic acid 59413-21-7 C20H25N2NaO3
BDJS-SH 1 BDJS-SH 1 36588-45-1 C12H18N2O2
Acyclovir Impurity O Acyclovir Impurity O
Alogliptin Impurity 19 Alogliptin Impurity 19
Alogliptin Impurity 19 Alogliptin Impurity 19
Aprepitant Impurity 17 Aprepitant Impurity 17 1333998-27-8 C20H19ClF7NO2
Blonanserin impurity A Blonanserin impurity A
Captopril impurity 2 Captopril impurity 2
Ciprofloxacin Impurity D HCl Ciprofloxacin Impurity D HCl 526204-10-4 C17H18FN3O3
Clindamycin Impurity 6 Clindamycin Impurity 6
Dabigatran Impurity 5 Dabigatran Impurity 5
DecitaBine Impurity 10 DecitaBine Impurity 10
Empagliflozin Impurity 17 Empagliflozin Impurity 17 2452301-27-6 C23H28O7
Erlotinib Impurity 31 Erlotinib Impurity 31
Everolimus impurity C Everolimus impurity C
Ezetimibe Impurity 28 Ezetimibe Impurity 28
FeBuxostat Impurity 30 FeBuxostat Impurity 30
Fluconazole Impurity 5 Fluconazole Impurity 5 94952-36-0 C14H14F2N6O
Fosaprepitant Impurity 2 Fosaprepitant Impurity 2
Imidafenacin Impurity 4 Imidafenacin Impurity 4 503598-78-5 C16H18N2O
Intedanib Impurity H Intedanib Impurity H
Isavuconazole Impurity 16 Isavuconazole Impurity 16
Isavuconazole Impurity 4 Isavuconazole Impurity 4
Lenvatinib Impurity 4 Lenvatinib Impurity 4 C28H22ClN5O5
Linagliptin Impurity 45 Linagliptin Impurity 45
N-((4-(3-methyl-5-phenylisoxazol-4-yl)phenyl)sulfonyl)propionamide N-((4-(3-methyl-5-phenylisoxazol-4-yl)phenyl)sulfonyl)propionamide 477594-28-8 C19H18N2O4S
Moxifloxacin EP Impurity D HCl Moxifloxacin EP Impurity D HCl
Moxifloxacin Impurity 30 Moxifloxacin Impurity 30 1395056-42-4 C21H24FN3O7
Tenofovir Impurity 37 Tenofovir Impurity 37 161760-03-8 C10H15O6PS
Matairesinol monoglucoside Matairesinol monoglucoside 34446-06-5 C26H32O11
Apremilast Apremilast 1384967-20-7 C20H20N2O7S
Pramipexole Impurity 30 Pramipexole Impurity 30 1802051-36-0 C13H24ClN3S
NZWJKTHFNLHUJO-NWZSJJIMSA-N NZWJKTHFNLHUJO-NWZSJJIMSA-N 1422954-12-8 C22H26FN3O5S
LAT-NET LAT-NET 607351-44-0 C25H39NO4
N,N-(ethane-1,2-diyl)bis(4-methyl-N-(3-((4-methylphenyl)sulfonamido)propyl)benzenesulfonamide) N,N-(ethane-1,2-diyl)bis(4-methyl-N-(3-((4-methylphenyl)sulfonamido)propyl)benzenesulfonamide) 74676-47-4 C36H46N4O8S4
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