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     Black line: Control Antigen (100 ng);Purple line: Antigen (10ng); Blue line: Antigen (50 ng); Red line:Antigen (100 ng)    

  
  

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     Flow cytometric analysis of HL-60 cells using CD134 mouse mAb (green) and negative control (red).    

  
  

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     Flow cytometric analysis of Jurkat cells using CD134 mouse mAb (green) and negative control (red).    

  
  

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     Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human cervical cancer tissues using CD134 mouse mAb with DAB staining.    

  
  

CD134 (OX40), a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily, is a cell-surface glycoprotein primarily expressed on activated CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. It plays a critical role in modulating immune responses by providing co-stimulatory signals that enhance T cell survival, proliferation, and effector function. CD134 interacts with its ligand OX40L (CD252), expressed on antigen-presenting cells, to amplify T cell activation and memory formation during inflammation, infection, or autoimmunity.

CD134-targeting antibodies have emerged as promising therapeutic tools in immunology. Agonistic anti-CD134 antibodies are explored in cancer immunotherapy to boost anti-tumor T cell responses, particularly in combination with checkpoint inhibitors. Conversely, antagonistic antibodies blocking CD134-OX40L interaction are investigated for treating autoimmune and inflammatory disorders by dampening pathogenic T cell activity. In veterinary medicine, CD134 also serves as a receptor for feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), making its antibodies relevant in feline virology research.

Despite their potential, CD134 antibodies face challenges, including balancing therapeutic efficacy with immune-related toxicities. Structural studies reveal that antibody specificity for distinct CD134 epitopes influences functional outcomes (activation vs. inhibition). Ongoing research focuses on optimizing antibody engineering to improve target selectivity and safety profiles for clinical applications.