TNFSF11. also known as receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL), is a transmembrane protein belonging to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily. It plays a critical role in regulating bone metabolism, immune cell differentiation, and lymph node development by binding to its receptor RANK. Dysregulation of the RANKL/RANK signaling pathway is implicated in pathological conditions such as osteoporosis, inflammatory bone loss, and cancer-related bone metastases.
TNFSF11 antibodies are therapeutic or research tools designed to inhibit this pathway. The most well-known example is denosumab, a monoclonal antibody approved for treating osteoporosis, bone metastases, and giant cell tumors. These antibodies block RANKL from interacting with RANK, thereby suppressing osteoclast formation and activity. This mechanism reduces excessive bone resorption, preserving bone density and preventing skeletal complications.
In research, TNFSF11 antibodies are used to study bone remodeling, immune regulation, and cancer progression. Recent studies also explore their potential in autoimmune diseases and chronic inflammation. Challenges include balancing therapeutic efficacy with immune suppression risks. Overall, TNFSF11 antibodies represent a pivotal advancement in targeting molecular pathways underlying bone and immune disorders.