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Amino Acids and Derivatives

Amino acids and their derivatives belong to a compound containing both amino group and carboxyl group. They are presented in both the form of free-state and bound-state in vivo. Free amino acids are distributed in all kinds of animal cells and body fluids with the bound amino acids being the mainly basic components of proteins and peptides.

Natural amino acids act as colorless crystalline materials with relatively high melting points being mostly above 200 ℃. They are usually soluble in water but insoluble in non-polar organic solvents. However, tyrosine and cystine are insoluble in water; proline and hydroxyl proline are soluble in ethanol and ether. All amino acids are soluble in strong acid and alkali solution.

According to the polar characterization of the R group of the side chain of the α-amino acid; those 20 common amino acids that constitute protein can be divided into four groups:
① Amino acids with R group being non-polar; There are 8 kinds in total, wherein five kinds have aliphatic side chains, namely alanine, leucine, isoleucine, valine and proline; two kinds are aromatic amino acids, phenylalanine and tryptophan; one kind belongs to sulfur-containing amino acid, namely methionine; amino acids belonging to this group have lower water solubility than polar R-group amino acid; proline is generally different with α-amino acid, it is formed through the substitution of one hydrogen atom of the amino acid with the side chains of the α- amino acid, belonging actually to imino acid.
② Amino acids with polar but non-charged R group; There are seven kinds in total, namely serine, threonine and tyrosine with R group having hydroxy group; cysteine with R group having a mercapto group of cysteine; glutamine and asparagine with R-group containing amide group, another amino acid is glycine ; glycine molecule has no R group, but having certain polarity, and thus being classified into this group; the side chains in this group of amino acid contain unassociated polar groups and can form hydrogen bonds with water, and is easily soluble in water.
③Amino acids with R group being positively charged amino acids. There are three kinds in total, namely, lysine, arginine, and histidine; they carry positive charge at pH7.0 and are also known as alkaline amino acids.
④Amino acids with R group being negatively charged. There are two kinds in total, namely glutamate and aspartate; at pH7.0, the molecules are negatively charged, also known as acidic amino acids. The formula, abbreviations symbols and related constants of 20 kinds of amino acid structures can be seen from the table. In addition to the 20 common amino acids mentioned above, there are also diiodotyrosine, thyroxine, hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine existing in certain proteins. In addition to amino acids involved in protein composition, it has been also found of more than 200 kinds of other kinds amino acids in a variety of tissues and cells; these amino acids are mostly derivatives of those α- amino acid composition of proteins.

However, there are some β-, γ- or δ- amino acids and some amino acids belong to D-type amino acids such as [beta]-alanine, [gamma]-aminobutyric acid and the phenylalanine contained in the antibiotics gramicidin-S, the D-alanine and D-glutamate contained in Gram-positive bacteria cell wall. Some non-protein amino acids can act as metabolically important precursors or intermediates, wherein β-alanine is the precursors of vitamin pantothenic acid; ornithine, and citrulline are the precursors in the synthesis of arginine; [gamma]-aminobutyric acid is the chemical neurotransmitter. Plants contain a large amount of non-protein amino acids, belonging to plant secondary substances, such as theanine, canavanine, djenkolic acid, β- Cyanoalanine and so on.

In addition to 20 kinds of amino acids found in the body and animal protein products, it has been found of nearly 200 kinds of other kinds of amino acids in nature. Most of them have been discovered in the plant kingdom and have complex molecular structures with no relation with the protein metabolism. There have been less that have been seen in the animal kingdom with some of them being originated from the chemical modification of certain incorporated amino acids in the specific proteins, for example, the proline and lysine contained in collagen protein are often partially subject to re-hydroxylation of hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine; Another example is that there are often a small amount of lysine and histidine contained in actin and myosin protein containing hypermethylated εN methyl-lysine and 3N-histidine; it has been also found in the histone protein that the ∈ amino group contained in lysine is acetylated and the OH group in the serine is phosphorylated; thyroglobulin contains iodinated tyrosine and thyronine iodide; The heavy chain of τ myosin and the N-terminal of certain proteins contain pyroglutamate formed by glutamine; there also exists the cystine constituting of two cysteine molecules in the general protein.

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Structure Chemical Name CAS MF
N-[(3beta)-3-Hydroxy-28-oxoolean-12-en-28-yl]-L-phenylalanine N-[(3beta)-3-Hydroxy-28-oxoolean-12-en-28-yl]-L-phenylalanine 851475-44-0 C39H57NO4
L-THREONINE BENZYL ESTER L-THREONINE BENZYL ESTER 33640-67-4 C11H15NO3
glycyl-prolyl-glutamic acid glycyl-prolyl-glutamic acid 32302-76-4 C12H19N3O6
4,4'-difluoro-1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid 4,4'-difluoro-1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid 85233-22-3 C22H22F2N2O10
(S)-(+)-NALPHA-BENZYL-NBETA-BOC-L-HYDRAZINOALANINE DICYCLOHEXYLAMINE SALT (S)-(+)-NALPHA-BENZYL-NBETA-BOC-L-HYDRAZINOALANINE DICYCLOHEXYLAMINE SALT 199605-10-2 C15H22N2O4.C12H23N
3-(2-TETRAZOLYL)-L-ALANINE 3-(2-TETRAZOLYL)-L-ALANINE 405150-16-5 C4H7N5O2
N-Α-FMOC-L-ASPARAGINE N-Α-FMOC-L-ASPARAGINE C19H18N2O5
L-Cysteine hydrochloride methyl ester L-Cysteine hydrochloride methyl ester C4H10ClNO2S
ALUMINUM HYDROGENATED TALLOW GLUTAMATE ALUMINUM HYDROGENATED TALLOW GLUTAMATE
CYSTEIC ACID CYSTEIC ACID 13100-82-8 C3H7NO5S
MAGNESIUM ACETYLMETHIONATE MAGNESIUM ACETYLMETHIONATE 105883-49-6 C14H24MgN2O6S2
PCA ETHYL COCOYL ARGINATE PCA ETHYL COCOYL ARGINATE
Asp-OBzl Asp-OBzl C11H13NO4
D-Histidine methyl ester hydrochloride D-Histidine methyl ester hydrochloride C7H12ClN3O2
Leu-OMe Leu-OMe
L-trans-Hydroxyproline L-trans-Hydroxyproline C5H9NO3
Nonyline Nonyline C9H19NO2
S-(2-carboxyethyl)-L-cysteine S-(2-carboxyethyl)-L-cysteine 4033-46-9 C6H11NO4S
Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid, 1-amino-2-ethenyl-, ethyl ester, hydrochloride (1:1), (1R,2S)- Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid, 1-amino-2-ethenyl-, ethyl ester, hydrochloride (1:1), (1R,2S)- 259214-56-7 C8H13NO2.ClH
(S)-2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-succinamic acid (S)-2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-succinamic acid C9H16N2O5
3-(Ethoxycarbonyl-ethoxycarbonylmethyl-amino)-propionic acid ethyl ester 3-(Ethoxycarbonyl-ethoxycarbonylmethyl-amino)-propionic acid ethyl ester C12H21NO6
COBALT AMINO ACID COBALT AMINO ACID
LIQUID AMINO ACIDCONCENTRATION LIQUID AMINO ACIDCONCENTRATION
β-aminoalanine β-aminoalanine C3H8N2O2
GSK 625433 GSK 625433 885264-71-1 C26H32N4O5S
N-[(Phenylmethoxy)carbonyl]-beta-alanine tert-butyl ester N-[(Phenylmethoxy)carbonyl]-beta-alanine tert-butyl ester 18605-26-0 C15H21NO4
3,4-Dimethoxy-L-Phenylalanine ethyl ester 3,4-Dimethoxy-L-Phenylalanine ethyl ester C13H19NO4
(S)-Methyl 2-(3,3-dimethylbutylamino)-3,3-dimethylbutanoate (S)-Methyl 2-(3,3-dimethylbutylamino)-3,3-dimethylbutanoate 1052703-81-7 C13H27NO2
N-[2-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)ethyl]-5-[[[(2S,4S)-4-[(3-pyridinylcarbonyl)thio]-2-pyrrolidinyl]methyl]amino]benzoyl]-L-Methionine  1-methylethyl  ester N-[2-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)ethyl]-5-[[[(2S,4S)-4-[(3-pyridinylcarbonyl)thio]-2-pyrrolidinyl]methyl]amino]benzoyl]-L-Methionine 1-methylethyl ester 345915-10-8 C34H41FN4O4S2
(2S,3S)-alpha-Hydroxy-Beta-Leu (2S,3S)-alpha-Hydroxy-Beta-Leu
Boc-D-(3-Thi)-Gly Boc-D-(3-Thi)-Gly
Boc-L-beta-homo-Gln Boc-L-beta-homo-Gln
Boc-L-beta-homo-Trp Boc-L-beta-homo-Trp
D-Beta-homo-Phe.HCl D-Beta-homo-Phe.HCl
Fmoc-D-(3-Thi)-Gly Fmoc-D-(3-Thi)-Gly
Fmoc-L-beta-homo-Gln Fmoc-L-beta-homo-Gln
Fmoc-L-beta-homo-Trp Fmoc-L-beta-homo-Trp
5-Chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-DL-phenylalanine, JRD, 97% 5-Chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-DL-phenylalanine, JRD, 97%
Acetyl Tetrapeptide-5 Acetyl Tetrapeptide-5 820959-17-9 C20H28N8O7
Palmitoyl Tripeptide-5 Palmitoyl Tripeptide-5 623172-56-5 C35H66F3N5O7
3-(2-Propenylseleno)-L-alanine 3-(2-Propenylseleno)-L-alanine 180316-10-3 C6H11NO2Se
3-(2-Naphthyl)-DL-alanine 3-(2-Naphthyl)-DL-alanine 106107-92-0 C13H13NO2
1-[(3-CHLOROPHENYL)SULFONYL]PROLINE 1-[(3-CHLOROPHENYL)SULFONYL]PROLINE C11H12ClNO4S
sodium L-glutamate sodium L-glutamate 16177-21-2 C5H9NO4.xNa
Nε-2,4-DNP-L-lysine monohydrochloride
Nε-2,4-DNP-L-lysine monohydrochloride C12H16N4O6HCl
L-{henylalanine methyl ester hydrochloride L-{henylalanine methyl ester hydrochloride C10H14ClNO2
Glycine-o-bromophenol red Glycine-o-bromophenol red C25H22Br2N2O9S
Nα-2,4-DNP-L-arginine monohydrochloride Nα-2,4-DNP-L-arginine monohydrochloride C12H16N6O6.HCl
Nim-2,4-DNP-L-histidine Nim-2,4-DNP-L-histidine C12H11N5O6
Pilylysine Pilylysine
TY3H ( Tyrosine Hydroxylase ) TY3H ( Tyrosine Hydroxylase )
Caspase-1   (ICE; CASP-1;P45) Caspase-1 (ICE; CASP-1;P45)
Anti-EphB2 (EphB2 Receptor) (Ephrin B2 Receptor) Anti-EphB2 (EphB2 Receptor) (Ephrin B2 Receptor)
TrK A.B.C(Tyrosine kinase,TrkA.B.C) TrK A.B.C(Tyrosine kinase,TrkA.B.C)
Fmoc-5-chloro-L-tryptophan Fmoc-5-chloro-L-tryptophan 1257849-07-2 C26H21ClN2O4
Fmoc-D-Cysteine Fmoc-D-Cysteine C18H17NO4S
N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-3,4-dihydroxy-L-Pheny lalanine benzyl  ester N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-3,4-dihydroxy-L-Pheny lalanine benzyl ester 37169-37-2 C21H25NO6
N2-(1-Oxododecyl)-D-arginine N2-(1-Oxododecyl)-D-arginine 1225433-34-0 C18H36N4O3
β-methylaspartic aci β-methylaspartic aci
Boc-(4-T-BUTOXYCARBONYLAMINO)-L-PHENYLALANINE Boc-(4-T-BUTOXYCARBONYLAMINO)-L-PHENYLALANINE C19H28N2O6
(2R,3S)-3-Phenylisoserine ethyl ester (2R,3S)-3-Phenylisoserine ethyl ester 143615-00-3 C11H15NO3
2-Methyl-3-(trifluoroMethyl)-DL-phenylalanine, JRD, 97% 2-Methyl-3-(trifluoroMethyl)-DL-phenylalanine, JRD, 97%
N-(4'-Methoxy-4-biphenylylsulfonyl)valine N-(4'-Methoxy-4-biphenylylsulfonyl)valine C18H21NO5S
3,6-Dichloro-2-fluoro-DL-phenylalanine, JRD, 97% 3,6-Dichloro-2-fluoro-DL-phenylalanine, JRD, 97%
4-[2-Amino-6-[(1R)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(3'-methoxy[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)ethoxy]-4-pyrimidinyl]-L-phenylalanine 4-[2-Amino-6-[(1R)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(3'-methoxy[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)ethoxy]-4-pyrimidinyl]-L-phenylalanine 945976-76-1 C28H25F3N4O4
N-Hexadecanoyl-D-phenylglycine N-Hexadecanoyl-D-phenylglycine 1016315-57-3 C24H39NO3
N-Hexadecanoyl-L-phenylglycine sodiuM salt N-Hexadecanoyl-L-phenylglycine sodiuM salt C24H38NNaO3
N-Octadecanoyl-L-valine N-Octadecanoyl-L-valine 14379-32-9 C23H45NO3
O-(3-Pyridyl)-L-tyrosine Methyl Ester O-(3-Pyridyl)-L-tyrosine Methyl Ester 1137013-14-9 C15H16N2O3
N-(Methylsulfonyl)-DL-proline N-(Methylsulfonyl)-DL-proline C6H11NO4S
Glu-Thr Glu-Thr
D-Lysine, N6-[bis(ethylaMino)Methylene]-N2-[(1,1-diMethylethoxy)carbonyl]- (9CI) D-Lysine, N6-[bis(ethylaMino)Methylene]-N2-[(1,1-diMethylethoxy)carbonyl]- (9CI) 98500-77-7 C16H32N4O4
2-((2S,3S)-2-(((9H-fluoren-9-yl)Methoxy)carbonylaMino)-3-MethylpentanaMido)acetic acid 2-((2S,3S)-2-(((9H-fluoren-9-yl)Methoxy)carbonylaMino)-3-MethylpentanaMido)acetic acid 142810-18-2 C23H26N2O5
Cbz-D-CHA-OH Cbz-D-CHA-OH
2-arM Methoxypoly(ethylene glycol) carboxylic acid (Lysine) 2-arM Methoxypoly(ethylene glycol) carboxylic acid (Lysine)
N-Boc-2-(2-propynyl)-L-proline, 95% N-Boc-2-(2-propynyl)-L-proline, 95% C13H19NO4
3-Fluoro-5-trifluoroMethoxy-DL-phenylalanine, 97% 3-Fluoro-5-trifluoroMethoxy-DL-phenylalanine, 97% 1391002-18-8 C10H9F4NO3
N-[4-(2-Methoxyphenoxy)phenylsulfonyl]-DL-phenylalanine, 96% N-[4-(2-Methoxyphenoxy)phenylsulfonyl]-DL-phenylalanine, 96% 1008961-78-1 C22H21NO6S
H-Glu(OMe)-OtBu H-Glu(OMe)-OtBu 79640-72-5 C10H19NO4
L-KYNURENINE SULFATE L-KYNURENINE SULFATE 16055-30-4 C10H14N2O7S
(RS)-3,5-DHPG (RS)-3,5-DHPG 146255-66-5 C8H9NO4
Z-VAL-NH2 Z-VAL-NH2 13139-28-1 C13H18N2O3
7-METHYL-D-TRYPTOPHAN 7-METHYL-D-TRYPTOPHAN 99295-80-4 C12H14N2O2
(S)-METHYL 2-(DIPHENYLMETHYLENEAMINO)-3-HYDROXYPROPANOATE (S)-METHYL 2-(DIPHENYLMETHYLENEAMINO)-3-HYDROXYPROPANOATE 133157-01-4 C17H17NO3
L-ZHPROMSME L-ZHPROMSME 117811-78-6 C15H19NO7S
2-ACETYLAMINO-3-(3-FLUORO-4-HYDROXY-PHENYL)-PROPIONIC ACID 2-ACETYLAMINO-3-(3-FLUORO-4-HYDROXY-PHENYL)-PROPIONIC ACID 219858-64-7 C11H12FNO4
Boc-L-beta-homo-4-OH-Pro(OBZl) Boc-L-beta-homo-4-OH-Pro(OBZl)
Cbz-L-2-Cyanophenylalanine Cbz-L-2-Cyanophenylalanine C18H16N2O4
D-4-CL-Phe-OEt.HCL D-4-CL-Phe-OEt.HCL
L-alpha-Methyl-Phe L-alpha-Methyl-Phe
(R)-N-Acetyl-6-Fluoro-Trp-OMe (R)-N-Acetyl-6-Fluoro-Trp-OMe 1234842-62-6 C14H15FN2O3
L-N-Boc-6-chlorotryptophan L-N-Boc-6-chlorotryptophan 1234875-52-5 C16H19ClN2O4
MOC-D-Norleucine MOC-D-Norleucine 1261072-86-9 C8H15NO4
biotin-cysteine biotin-cysteine 151009-85-7 C13H21N3O4S2
3,4-Dehydro-L-proline hydrochloride 3,4-Dehydro-L-proline hydrochloride 201469-31-0 C5H8ClNO2
N-Methyl-D-proline Hydrochloride N-Methyl-D-proline Hydrochloride 702710-17-6 C6H12ClNO2
N-[(tert-Butoxy)carbonyl]-N-methylglycyl-N-methylglycine N-[(tert-Butoxy)carbonyl]-N-methylglycyl-N-methylglycine 56612-14-7 C11H20N2O5
3,5-Dihydroxyphenyla 3,5-Dihydroxyphenyla
Boc-D-Ser-Oipr Boc-D-Ser-Oipr 1253690-13-9 C11H21NO5
(R)-DiMethyl pyrrolidine-1,2-dicarboxylate (R)-DiMethyl pyrrolidine-1,2-dicarboxylate 374077-91-5 C8H13NO4
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