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Inhibitors

Inhibitor refers to substance that can hinder the chemical reactions, biological reactions (including immune response) and biological activity. In present time, commonly used inhibitors include immunosuppressants and inhibitors.

1. Immunosuppressive agents: immunosuppressants system refers to drug that can reduce the immune response. It can selectively suppress certain steps of the immune response and immune cells. Immune response refers to the body’s response to a variety of pathogenic substances. Some reactions are favorable to the body and can enhance the body's resistance to disease; some have adverse effects on the body and can cause tissue damage or disorders of physiological functions (allergy). Therefore, patients suffering from allergic reactions being harmful to the body should be subject to the treatment of immunosuppressant to affect the related immune processes and reduce the immune response of the body.

For the treatment of various autoimmune diseases and weakening the tissue incompatibility, it has been developed of a variety of immunosuppressive agents, some of which have been widely used in clinical practice. Commonly used immunosuppressants include glucocorticoids (prednisone, prednisolone, etc.), alkylating agents (nitric oxide mustard, cyclophosphamide, thiotepa, busulfan, etc.), and antimetabolites (6- mercaptopurine, azathioprine, methotrexate, etc.).

The mechanism of immunosuppressants, though not entirely clear, but is characterized by the following several aspects:
① most kinds of immunosuppressants can simultaneously inhibit cellular and humoral immunity and can be used for organ transplantation and autoimmune disease.
②Its inhibitory effect is strong for the primary immune response while the inhibitory effect against secondary response is weak.
③It can simultaneously act on normal and pathological immunity, therefore, can often lead to some complications.
④These drugs often have strong with serious adverse reactions.

2. Enzyme inhibitors: Enzyme inhibitors refer to compounds or drugs being capable of binding to enzyme and inhibit the enzymatic activity. It is clinically often applied of enzyme inhibitors to specially interfere with certain metabolic system to achieve the therapeutic purposes. For example, people use monoamine oxidase inhibitors as antidepressants; use carbonic anhydrase inhibitors as diuretics; use dopa decarboxylase inhibitors as antihypertensive drugs and use antibiotics such as penicillin, cephalosporins belonging to cell wall synthesis inhibitors. Enzyme inhibitors have applications in veterinary medicine and agriculture. In addition, people can also apply enzyme inhibitors to study the mechanism of the enzyme and metabolic pathways.

Enzyme inhibitors often have similar structure with their natural substrates. For designing the inhibitors according modification of natural substrate, people should first analyze and decide the function of each part of the molecule in binding with enzymes: for binding or not binding or repulsion; secondly, people should know the degree of tolerance of the binding site to the adjacent steric hindrance. Then people can replace each functional group to regulate the strength of interaction with the enzyme.

Inhibitors can be divided into reversible and irreversible, two classes. (1)Inhibitors binding with enzyme through non-covalent bonds are called reversible inhibitor. (2)Inhibitors binding to the enzyme via a covalent bond are irreversible inhibitors with strong binding affinity. They will not be affected by concentration change process such as dialysis or dilution after binding to the enzyme.

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Structure Chemical Name CAS MF
Slidenafil Slidenafil
GSK3685032 GSK3685032
Exatecan Exatecan 171335-80-1 C24H22FN3O4
MRTX1133 MRTX1133 2621928-55-8 C33H31F3N6O2
Retatrutide Retatrutide 2381089-83-2
Dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine C13H16N2
PE 22-28 PE 22-28
BLU9931 BLU9931 1538604-68-0 C26H22Cl2N4O3
Tenapanor hydrochloride Tenapanor hydrochloride 1234365-97-9 C50H68Cl6N8O10S2
CMLD-2 CMLD-2 958843-91-9 C31H31NO6
Evocalcet Evocalcet 870964-67-3 C24H26N2O2
Kisspeptin 10 (human) Kisspeptin 10 (human) 374675-21-5 C63H83N17O14
Boc-(R)-3-Amino-4-(2,4,5-trifluorophenyl)butanoic acid Boc-(R)-3-Amino-4-(2,4,5-trifluorophenyl)butanoic acid 486460-00-8 C15H18F3NO4
Lazertinib Lazertinib 1903008-80-9 C30H34N8O3
Oclacitinib maleate Oclacitinib maleate 1640292-55-2 C19H27N5O6S
Tafenoquine Succinate Tafenoquine Succinate 178429-62-4 C10H14N2O2
Gilteritinib Gilteritinib 1254053-43-4 C29H44N8O3
Lurbinectedin Lurbinectedin 497871-47-3 C41H44N4O10S
Lumateperone Lumateperone 313368-91-1 C24H28FN3O
Bremelanotide acetate Bremelanotide acetate 1607799-13-2 C52H72N14O12
HGH Fragment 176-191 HGH Fragment 176-191
ASTX-029 ASTX-029 2095719-92-7 C29H31ClFN5O5
Enarodustat Enarodustat 1262132-81-9 C17H16N4O4
THAL-SNS-032 THAL-SNS-032 2139287-33-3 C40H52N8O10S2
Senaparib Senaparib 1401682-78-7 C24H20F2N6O3
Beclomethasone 17-propionate Beclomethasone 17-propionate 5534-18-9 C25H33ClO6
Ensitrelvir Ensitrelvir 1471484-62-4 C30H33N5O5S
Sovilnesib Sovilnesib 2410796-79-9 C26H34F2N6O4S
ZLc002 ZLc002 308277-46-5 C10H17NO5
INDOMETHACIN SODIUM INDOMETHACIN SODIUM 7681-54-1 C19H15ClNNaO4
BI-2865 BI-2865 2937327-93-8 C23H27N7O2S
atpenin A5 atpenin A5 119509-24-9 C15H21Cl2NO5
Eltrombopag Eltrombopag 496775-61-2 C25H22N4O4
MIRODENAFIL MIRODENAFIL 862189-95-5 C26H37N5O5S
Trolox Trolox 53188-07-1 C14H18O4
AT-56 AT-56 162640-98-4 C25H27N5
Avatrombopag Avatrombopag 570406-98-3 C29H34Cl2N6O3S2
Abemaciclib Abemaciclib 1231929-97-7 C27H32F2N8
LasMiditan LasMiditan 439239-90-4 C19H18F3N3O2
Mitapivat Mitapivat 1260075-17-9 C24H26N4O3S
Lemborexant Lemborexant 1369764-02-2 C22H20F2N4O2
yk11 yk11 1370003-76-1 C25H34O6
3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-benzylcathinone (hydrochloride) 3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-benzylcathinone (hydrochloride) 1823274-68-5 C17H18ClNO3
Eptifibatide Acetate Eptifibatide Acetate 148031-34-9 C35H49N11O9S2
Belzutifan Belzutifan 1672668-24-4 C17H12F3NO4S
Mobocertinib succinate Mobocertinib succinate 2389149-74-8 C36H45N7O8
Metonitazene Metonitazene 14680-51-4 C21H26N4O3
Narmafotinib Narmafotinib 1393653-34-3 C28H32F3N5O2
 ALC-0315 ALC-0315 2036272-55-4 C48H95NO5
2-benzyl-1H-benzimidazole monohydrochloride 2-benzyl-1H-benzimidazole monohydrochloride 1212-48-2 C14H13ClN2
Ulinastatin Ulinastatin 80449-31-6 C13H16O3
Binodenoson Binodenoson 144348-08-3 C17H25N7O4
Indacaterol Indacaterol 312753-06-3 C24H28N2O3
Relebactam Relebactam 1174018-99-5 C12H20N4O6S
YK11 YK11 431579-34-9 C25H34O6
ODM-201 ODM-201 1297538-32-9 C19H19ClN6O2
Fezolinetant Fezolinetant 1629229-37-3 C16H15FN6OS
EC330 EC330 2016795-77-8 C30H32F2O2
GDC-0077 GDC-0077 2060571-02-8 C18H19F2N5O4
GNE140 GNE140 2003234-63-5 C25H23ClN2O3S2
CA-4948 CA-4948 1801343-74-7 C21H19N7O3
Calcium 2-oxoglutarate Calcium 2-oxoglutarate 71686-01-6 C5H8CaO5
APREMILAST (PDE inhibitor) APREMILAST (PDE inhibitor)
RU.521 RU.521 2262452-06-0 C19H12Cl2N4O3
(±)-alpha-[[(tert-butyl)amino]methyl]-7-ethyl-2-benzofuranmethanol hydrochloride (±)-alpha-[[(tert-butyl)amino]methyl]-7-ethyl-2-benzofuranmethanol hydrochloride 60398-91-6 C16H24ClNO2
GUVACINE HYDROCHLORIDE GUVACINE HYDROCHLORIDE 6027-91-4 C6H10ClNO2
SB218078 SB218078 135897-06-2 C24H15N3O3
Azacosterol dihydrochloride Azacosterol dihydrochloride 1249-84-9 C25H45ClN2O
Theodrenaline Theodrenaline 13460-98-5 C17H21N5O5
BMS-502 BMS-502 2407854-18-4
Furamidine dihydrochloride Furamidine dihydrochloride 55368-40-6 C18H16N4O
Dexrazoxane hydrochloride Dexrazoxane hydrochloride 149003-01-0 C11H16N4O4.ClH
2-(3,5-Dichlorophenyl)-6-benzoxazole carboxylic acid 2-(3,5-Dichlorophenyl)-6-benzoxazole carboxylic acid 594839-88-0 C14H7Cl2NO3
Deoxygalactonojirimycin Hydrochloride Deoxygalactonojirimycin Hydrochloride 75172-81-5 C6H13NO4.ClH
Regorafenib (Hydrochloride) Regorafenib (Hydrochloride) 835621-07-3 C21H16Cl2F4N4O3
Cariprazine hydrochloride Cariprazine hydrochloride 1083076-69-0 C21H33Cl3N4O
MK-4827 (tosylate) MK-4827 (tosylate) 1038915-73-9 C26H28N4O4S
Elobixibat Elobixibat 439087-18-0 C36H45N3O7S2
AZD 3759 AZD 3759 1626387-80-1 C22H23ClFN5O3
DASA-58 DASA-58 1203494-49-8 C19H23N3O6S2
Ulixertinib hydrochloride Ulixertinib hydrochloride 1956366-10-1 C21H23Cl3N4O2
SCH 446132 SCH 446132 569351-91-3 C22H28BrN5O5
LGD-3303 LGD-3303 917891-35-1 C16H14ClF3N2O
Ripretinib Ripretinib 1442472-39-0 C24H21BrFN5O2
4-hydroxy-N'-(2-naphthylmethylene)benzohydrazide 4-hydroxy-N'-(2-naphthylmethylene)benzohydrazide 303760-60-3 C18H14N2O2
Pemigatinib Pemigatinib 1513857-77-6 C24H27F2N5O4
5-Aminouridine 5-Aminouridine 2149-76-0 C9H13N3O6
CINACALCET CINACALCET 226256-56-0 C22H22F3N
Disitamab Vedotin Disitamab Vedotin 2136633-23-1
Ensitrelvir Ensitrelvir 2647530-73-0 C22H17ClF3N9O2
BLU-945 BLU-945 2660250-10-0 C28H37FN6O3S
Triptorelin acetate Triptorelin acetate 140194-24-7 C64H82N18O13.C2H4O2
MonoMethylauristatin F MonoMethylauristatin F 745017-94-1 C39H65N5O8
Dapagliflozin propanediol monohydrate Dapagliflozin propanediol monohydrate 960404-48-2 C24H33ClO8
Umbralisib Umbralisib 1532533-67-7 C31H24F3N5O3
Velpatasvir Velpatasvir 1377049-84-7 C49H54N8O8
GSK484 GSK484 1652591-81-5 C27H32ClN5O3
Cibinetide Cibinetide 1208243-50-8 C51H84N16O21
Bictegravir Bictegravir 1611493-60-7 C21H18F3N3O5
SN-001 SN-001 727699-84-5 C26H21FN2O4S
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