+ +

•  

   

     Western blot analysis of PCB expression in HepG2 cell lysate.    

  
  

•  

   

     All lanes use the Antibody at 1:1K dilution for 1 hour at room temperature.    

  
  

•  

   

     All lanes use the Antibody at 1:1K dilution for 1 hour at room temperature.    

  
  

**Background of Phospho-Specific Antibodies (pAbs)**

Phospho-specific antibodies, often referred to as phospho-antibodies, are critical tools in molecular biology and biomedical research for detecting post-translational modifications, specifically phosphorylation. Phosphorylation, mediated by kinases and phosphatases, regulates protein activity, localization, and interactions, playing a pivotal role in cellular signaling, cell cycle progression, and disease mechanisms.

Developed in the late 20th century, these antibodies are designed to recognize phosphorylated amino acid residues (e.g., serine, threonine, tyrosine) within target proteins. Their specificity enables researchers to study dynamic phosphorylation events in pathways like MAPK/ERK, PI3K/AKT, and immune signaling. Applications include Western blotting, immunofluorescence, and flow cytometry, aiding in understanding diseases such as cancer, neurodegeneration, and metabolic disorders.

Challenges in developing phospho-antibodies include ensuring epitope specificity due to transient, low-abundance phosphorylation. Advances in peptide synthesis and hybridoma technology have improved their reliability. Today, phospho-antibodies are indispensable in drug discovery, biomarker validation, and mechanistic studies, offering insights into cellular responses to stimuli, stress, or therapeutic agents. Their use continues to expand with the growing emphasis on precision medicine and signaling network analysis.