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     Gel: 8%SDS-PAGE, Lysate: 40 μg, Lane 1-2: Jurkat and 293T cell lysates, Primary antibody: P09514(CS Antibody) at dilution 1/200, Secondary antibody: Goat anti rabbit IgG at 1/8000 dilution, Exposure time: 2 seconds    

  
  

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     The image is immunohistochemistry of paraffin-embedded Human ovarian cancer tissue using P09514(CS Antibody) at dilution 1/20. (Original magnification: ×200)    

  
  

CS antibodies primarily refer to antibodies targeting the circumsporozoite (CS) protein, a key surface antigen expressed by Plasmodium parasites during the sporozoite stage of malaria. Discovered in the 1980s, the CS protein plays a critical role in the parasite's invasion of human hepatocytes, making it a major focus of malaria vaccine development. The protein contains a central repeat region (e.g., the NANP repeats in *P. falciparum*) and conserved domains involved in host cell binding. Antibodies against CS protein aim to neutralize sporozoites, preventing liver infection and subsequent blood-stage malaria.

The RTS,S/AS01 vaccine, the first approved malaria vaccine, incorporates a portion of the CS protein to elicit protective antibodies. CS antibodies are also used in research and diagnostics to detect malaria exposure through serological assays. However, challenges remain due to genetic variability in CS proteins across Plasmodium species/strains and the transient nature of sporozoite-neutralizing antibodies. Recent studies explore combining CS-targeting antibodies with other antigens or immune enhancers to improve efficacy. Beyond malaria, "CS antibodies" may occasionally refer to antibodies against chondroitin sulfate or other CS-abbreviated targets in autoimmune or cancer research, though the circumsporozoite context remains dominant.