SMAD9. also known as MADH6 or SMAD family member 9. is a key intracellular signaling protein in the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway. As a receptor-regulated SMAD (R-SMAD), SMAD9 is activated through phosphorylation by BMP type I receptors, facilitating its translocation to the nucleus to regulate target gene transcription. It plays critical roles in cellular processes like differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis, with implications in bone development, immune regulation, and organ homeostasis.
SMAD9 antibodies are essential tools for studying its expression, localization, and function in both normal and diseased states. These antibodies are widely used in techniques such as Western blotting, immunohistochemistry (IHC), immunofluorescence (IF), and flow cytometry. Monoclonal antibodies offer high specificity for SMAD9 epitopes, while polyclonal antibodies may detect multiple isoforms or post-translationally modified forms. Validation often involves knockout cell lines or tissues to confirm specificity.
Dysregulation of SMAD9 is linked to pathologies like hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, pulmonary arterial hypertension, and cancers. Researchers use SMAD9 antibodies to investigate its role in BMP signaling crosstalk, disease mechanisms, and therapeutic targeting. Commercial antibodies typically target conserved regions, such as the N-terminal MH1 or C-terminal MH2 domains. Proper validation ensures reliability in detecting SMAD9’s dynamic activation states, aiding both basic research and clinical biomarker studies.