The MSH2 antibody is a crucial tool in studying the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) system, which ensures genomic stability by correcting replication errors. The MSH2 protein, encoded by the *MSH2* gene, forms heterodimers (e.g., with MSH6) to recognize and initiate repair of mismatched DNA bases. Defects in MSH2 are strongly linked to Lynch syndrome, a hereditary condition predisposing individuals to colorectal, endometrial, and other cancers. MSH2 dysfunction leads to microsatellite instability (MSI), a hallmark of MMR deficiency.
In clinical diagnostics, MSH2 antibodies are used in immunohistochemistry (IHC) to assess protein expression in tumor tissues. Loss of MSH2 staining, often alongside other MMR proteins (MLH1. PMS2. MSH6), helps identify Lynch syndrome-associated cancers or sporadic tumors with MMR deficiency. This guides genetic testing, patient management, and immunotherapy decisions, as MSI-high tumors may respond better to immune checkpoint inhibitors.
Researchers also employ MSH2 antibodies in Western blotting, immunofluorescence, and functional studies to explore MMR mechanisms, gene interactions, and therapeutic targets. Commercially available antibodies vary in specificity and applications, requiring validation via controls like MSH2-deficient cell lines. Overall, MSH2 antibodies bridge molecular research and clinical practice, enhancing precision oncology and hereditary cancer risk assessment.